CRITÅ CEKAK - Ndårå Púspå

᭒ - Critå Cekak  - Ndårå Púspå              ᭜ ᭑          ᨾ                     ᨾ      Sirahé nénglang-nénglèng ngiwå nêngên. Lambéné sêmu mèsêm. Kêsêl ngadêg banjúr lunggúh dhingklík. Mripaté ngriyip. Durúng suwé nyèlèhake bókóng, cêkékal ngadêg manèh. Gombal têlês njêron èmbèr kêbak banyu íng pêngarêpané dipêrês apúh. Nuli dulat- dulit ngrêsiki lêbu síng sêkirå isíh nèmplèk ånå pèlêg sasêla-sêlaníng ruji. Sawisé rinåså sakabèhé katón mêncèrèt kêmplíng Ndårå Púspå nêmbé nglèrèni olèhé ngumbah sêpédha mótór anyaré.                ᩊ    ᭙  ᨾ      ᭰ ᭦  ᭦         Kêndharaan kuwi dudu olèhé tuku. Kåyå dhèwèké gablêg dhuwit åpå. Najan ndårå, yèn múng mêrgawé ndhèrèk karatón, blanjané sêpirå? Katujóknå kadidéné abdi dalêm langêntåyå kaprigêlané mbêkså lan nabúh gamêlan isíh payu kanggo mènèhi lès privat marang putra- putrine pårå kanjêng sartå mulang kêsênian ånå sawêtårå sêkolahan.             ᩊ              ᨾ               ᨾ ᭻ ᭐ Sêmbulihé lumayan. Sithík róngithík kêpårå malah biså dicèlèngi ånå bank. Åpå iki síng dijênêngaké barokah? Dhuwit sithík níng turah? Yèn dhóng kêcênthók butúh mirunggan, kók yå ånå-ånå pas rêjêki síng ngampiri. Cêkak cukupé, kanꧢi dilakóni samadyå, ora susah ndadak nganggo ngåyå åpå manèh ngångså-ångså, balé somahé Ndårå Puspå tansah kêcukupan najan ora mumbra-mumbru.                      ᭥                 ᭜     ᦿ᧌   Dhasar yèn lagi pulúng, paribasan lagi thêngúk-thêngúk waé yå mêkså nêmu kethúk. Nomêr dépositoné nalikå diundhi ndilalah katút mêtu. Hadhiah sêpédha motor grès kinyis-kinyis sidå kêcêkêl tangan. Nêmbé sêpasar kêpungkur kêndharaan mau dikirím mênyang omahé. Saiki êndi ånå bank síng ora awèh hadhiah? Pamrihé supåyå pårå nasabah kêpèncut nyimpên dhuwité ånå kono.  ᨿ          ᭓                      Biyasa uríp nèng kampúng, sabên ånå wargå mipík barang, tånggå liyané pådhå pating jrabing. Ånå síng múng ungak-ungak såkå jêndhélå. Liyane wira-wiri api-api mênyang warúng karo lirak-lirik. Betèké kabèh kêpéngin ngêrti såpå síng lagi kabêgjan.   ᨾ                            ᭜  Lho, ingatasé kahanan ékonomi tambah mawút, paribasan golèk sêgå saêmplokan waé kudu diréwangi iwut, kok isíh ånå pawongan sing turah-turah dhuwít. Ngungkuli bóm Bali, kabar sêpédha mótór anyaré Ndårå Púspå ora gantalan mênít wís sumêbar mratah sakampúng. ᭜             ᭙                     Tumrap Ndårå Púspå dhéwé kabèh mau ora pêrlu digagas. Dhasar atiné katêmbèn bungah. Kêpriyé ora, wóng sajêg jumlêg yå lagi pisan iki duwé pit móntór, najan carané numpak wis suwé mahir. Cobå yèn kudu tuku kêncèng, nganti jambúl wanên kirå-kirå mokal kêlakón.  ᨾ       ᨾ  ..... ..... .....    ᮑ          ..... ..... ..... (᭤) Minångkå klangênan anyar sabên dinå sêpédha mótóré dipanasi. Swårå mêsiné alus dhêng.....dhêng.....dhêng. Íng kupingé rinåså kêprungu laras bangêt, ngungkuli uyón-uyón gandêm marêm. Béda karo sêpédha mótór utangan umume síng uniné... dhit.... dhit.... dhit... (kré)dhit.                 ᧡᧌        Pisan-pinꧤo pit mótór anyaré diênggo mubêng kampúng. Iku waê kudu mlipír-mlipír awit durúng cêkêl rébuwès. Arêpa múng saknyukan, lêbar dianggo mêsthi langsúng dikumbah najan ora rêgêd saipit-ipitå.                          ᨾ ᭧ "Wèh, digirah malih, dèn?" cluluké Lik Man. Síng diaruh-aruhi mlèngèh. Ajêg. Sabên Ndårå Púspå uthêg karo sêpédha mótóré, yå tukang tambal ngiringan omah kuwi síng ngancani ngóbról.    ᭐     ᭜               Yèn wís ngono, Kang Jawul, bakúl mracang sêbêlah, biyasané nyusúl nggabúng. Lumrah. Arané waé tånggå adu pagêr kanan-kéríng. Sandhúng jêkluk kêtêmuné ya karo wóng loro kuwi.  ᭠                   "Mênawi kasringên dipún girah mangké malah awón lho, dèn," sambunge Kang Jawul. Ndårå Púspå kandhêg. Tidhå - tidhå sêrbèt têlês síng isíh dicêkêl disèlèhaké. ᨾ    ᭐          ᭤      ᨾ Pancèné babar pisan ora naté pêngalaman ngrumat sêpédha mótór, ómóngané Kang Jawul síng sêmu nggiri - nggiri kråså ngêdhêg - dhêgi. "Kók anèh. Mbotên saé kadós pundi, Kang?" pitakóné.                 ᨾ  ᭒᭒ ᩡ        Lik Man dhéwé mèlu ngungún. Nalaré, tambah rêsik rak tambah rêsêp disawang. "Åpå kuduné kåyå duwèké Jimún Kirík kaé? Wís luthu ra tau kambón gombal, oliné rêmbês kocrat - kacrit pisan. Yèn numpak, kathók ki ora tau kók ora rêgêd kênyak gêmúk," cluluké.                      ᨾ      "Ora ngono, Lik. Maksúdku, kowé ngêrti iwak tó?" ucapé Kang Jawul. Lik Man ora énggal wangsulan awít durúng mudhêng lêrêgé. Sêmono ugå Ndårå Púspå katón bingúng. "Nåpå hubungané sêpéꧤa mótór kaliyan ulam?" wuwuhé.   ᩂ  ᨾ             ᨾ        "Ngètên lho, dèn. Ulam nikå jalaran mbotên naté mêntas saking toyå dadós amís. Ngatên ugi pit móntór. Kêkêrêpên dikumbah gèk-gèk mangké malah mambu". Mudhêng lagi disêmóni Kang Jawul, Ndårå Púspå gumuyu latah - latah.           ᭠ ᭦    ᭗           ᭧ Ora kåyå ningrat liyane síng biyasané kumingsún, Ndårå Púspå kalébu blatèr. Srawungé trapsilå nyumêdulúr, tanpå mbédakaké drajat lan sêmat. Yå margå tansah nguwóngké sapêpadhané Ndårå Púspå dadi kajèn íng bêbrayan kampungé.   ᭧                ᭙       ᨾ        Utamané marang brayaté dhéwé Ndårå Púspå têmên - têmên kêncêng olèhé ngêcakaké udanêgårå. Sakíng kêrasé têrkadhang malah njalari bênthík karo bojoné. Kêpriyé ora gèsèh. Ndårå Púspå iku panggonané unggah-ungguh. Sêmbarang kalír ditimbang saru sikune.      ᭙                ᭻ ᭻     Béda sisihan. Dèn Ngantèn Púspå kuwi sarwå praktis. Dhasar wóng wóngané canthas lan bantas pisan. Mulå kêrêp waé pêrkårå sêpélé wêkasan dadi gêdhé. Katujuné sadurungé kêladúk ngåmbrå - åmbrå, Ndårå Púspå pilaur ngalah.     ᨿ     ᨾ        ᭙    "Bu," ujaré nuju wayah surúp nalika lagi nglumpúk lungguhan ånå têras ngomah. Kupingé Dèn Ngantèn Púspå wiwit njêpiping, lambé rådå njêdhir. Rusti, anaké prawan ontang anting, mèlu kêthal - kêthil.            ᭤              ᨾ "Bola-bali wís tak wêling yèn gawé tèh kuwi síng miråså. Kajåbå lêgi lan angêt kudu kråså sêpêté. Ora kåyå iki. Wís bêníng tawar sisan. Iki kómbóran jênêngé," cluluké Ndårå Púspå karo ngangkat gêlas unjukané.      ᨾ               "Alah, pisan-pisan nggih ngunjúk anyêpan. Mêsisan sêsirík bèn mbotên gampil kéngíng diabètês," wangsulané bojoné. "Lho, Nók, Ibumu kuwi yèn dituturi ajêg mbrêngkélo," wuwuhé Ndårå Púspå sambi nyawang anaké wadón.              "Ditambahi gêndhís dhéwé rak sagêd tå, Pak," ucapé Rusti sêtêngah mbélå ibuné kang lagi kêtiban awu angêt.              ᨾ    ᭙ "Pêrkarané dudu kuwi. Nangíng síng tak kuwatiraké, mêngko nèk kowé banjúr kêpatúh nyugúh tamu wédang saanané. Iki ora bêcik." "Pripún mbotên apiké."    ᨾ                          ᨾ᭻    ᨾ   "Ngêrtiyå yå, Nók. Kahanané sawènèh balésomah iku bisa katitik såkå unjukan síng disuguhaké marang tamuné. Yèn wédangé angêt, lêgi, sêpêt gèk kênthêl pisan kêna dibadhé kêluwargå kuwi harmonis. Suwaliké yèn kåyå kómbóran, wis tå, biså dipêsthèkaké kahanané brayat mau ugå sépå, anyêp," kandhané Ndårå Púspå.    ᨿ ᩌ          ᭙ ᭙        "Dadós cêthane Ibu ngladósi unjukan anyêp niki awit nêmbé nêsón kalih Bapak?" cluluké Rusti sakêpénaké. "Bocah ra urús. Rumangsaku sêprånå sêpréné kók durúng biså tåtå jalmå," grênêngé Ndårå Púspå.      ᨾ                     Kuwi lagi soal wédang. Durúng ngrêmbúg wêwalêr - wêwalêr liyané. Marang batihé Ndårå Púspå ajêg mêlíng, "yèn tangi ésuk åjå nganti kedhisikan pitík supåyå gangsar olèhmu cêcèkèr rêjêki". Awít såkå kuwi balé somahé Ndårå Púspå tansah résêp dinulu.             ᭜         ᨾ          Sadurunge bangún ésúk kabèh wís tumåtå. Isíh rêpêt - rêpêt plataran ngarêpan rampúng disapu gilar-gilar. Sêmono ugå njêro omah katón rêsik gumrining. Jêndhélå - jêndhélå dibukaki. Håwå sêgêr ngêbaki sênthóng. Kênå dititèni, ora lêt suwé Dèn Ngantèn Púspå mêsthi mêtu régól sapêrlu blånjå mênyang pasar.          ᭐        ᨾ  ᨾ   Siji loro tånggå síng mbarêngi blånjå racak isíh pådhå dhowal - dhawul rambuté lan sèthèpên mripaté awít durúng kobêr raúp. Dèn Ngantèn Púspå malah wís adús lan macak. Jungkatané tatas, pangganggoné rêsik sartå pantês.              ᭙  ᭵             Wís dadi padatan manjing ngisak mêrlokaké nglumpúk ånå méjå dhahar. Kåyå biyasané bêngi kuwi rampadan síng dicawisaké múng prasåjå, jangan bêníng, sambêl trasi, gêrèh kinanthi gorèng garíng ditambah rêmpèyèk kacang. Nanging amargå têtêp disyukuri, yå dadi miråså.          ᭘              Rusti ajêg lunggúh kúrsi sisíh kulón méjå. Sêbab, panyawangé biså bawéra nrabas ruwang tamu lan têras, kêpårå bablas nganti têkan ratan ngarêp omah. Wêwayangané kêndharaan kang patíng sliri sartå bakúl hík síng sênthéyoran kabótan mikúl dagangané kétók cêthå.                 ᭐  Suwaliké, najan awan pisan, síng nang njåbå ora bakal wérúh njêroné ngomah amargå kaling-kalingan kåcå jêndhélå rayban ruang tamu alapis slintru tipis.      ᮑ             ᭧ᨾ      ᭙      Olèhé mangan tanpå sabåwå. Paling síng keprungu múng kumlinthingé séndhók adu karo piring. Manút Ndårå Púspå, wóng mangan kuwi ora ilók sinambi ngóbról gêguyónan. Awít åpå waé síng dipangan, arêpå prasåjå pisan, yèn dikênyam kanthi êmat bakal bisa dirasakaké nikmaté.                               Cêthané, mangan kuwi ora múng watón ngêmplók nganti wêtêng mbêdhudhúng. Nanging luwih såkå iku, nyukuri paringe Gusti kang murbèng dumadi. Mula wêktu Rusti ndadak ngowahi adat jêlih - jêlih satêngahe mangan, Ndårå Púspå api-api mbudhêg.  .....  ᭙   ᦽ᧌     ᭻ᩌ          ..... "Pak, Bapak....," cluluké prawan kuwi karo sirahé longak - longok nyawang njåbå. Rainé Ndårå Púspå mbrabak ngêmpêt nêsu. Suwé ora olèh wangsulan, sêpisan manèh Rusti njêmpling rådå sora. "Paaak!".    ᨾ   ᭧ .....     ᨾ       ᭥        Ndårå Puspå muntab. Kagól anggóné dhahar, gênti nggêbrak méjå. Dhuèèrr! "Bocah ora tåtå. Diêntèkaké dhisík mangané, lagi kêna matúr," ujaré kanthi swårå, gróyók sakíng dukané. Dèn Ngantèn Púspå bisané múng lunggúh mêngkêrêd saking wêdiné.     ᦽ᧌                      Karo mimblik-mimblik Rústi kêpêksa nyimik - nyimik ngêntèkaké sêgå ing piringé nganti rêsík. Sak upå waé, ngugêmi wêwalêré Bapaké, ora ånå síng nyiså utåwa kecicir. Rampúng mangan Rústi ngombé sacêgukan.               ᭜      ᭓.....          ᩏ              "Wís, saiki ómóngå," pangatage Ndårå Púspå. Rústi blangkêmên. Lambéné kåyå kêmunci. Lúh wiwít mili såkå mripaté. "Kók malah mbisu," alóké Bapaké. "Kulå ajríh....," jawabé Rústi liríh. "Wêdi. Wêdi åpå?" "Mangké Bapak dukå malíh". Unjal napas sêꧤéla, Rústi mbacútaké olèhé matúr kanthi alón-alón ngarah ora ndadèkaké kagèt Bapaké, "Sêpédha mótóré Bapak dipêndhêt tiyang".      ᭶              Ndårå Púspå njumbúl. Méngo mênjåbå. Gandrik! Pit móntór anyar síng mêntas dilap nganti kinclóng lan diparkir ånå têras ngarêp saiki wis ora katón. Pagêr régól mênga ngêblak. ᭓                ᭤              Jranthal, Ndårå Púspå mlayu mêtu. Ngungak dalan kiwå têngên, Nanging síng digolèki êmbúh wís têkan ngêndi. Ndårå Púspå nêkêp dhadhané síng kråså abót. "Nók, nók, ngêrti ånå malíng mlêbu kowé kók yå múng mênêng waé," grênêngé. ᭙             ᨾ ᭐n        "Pripún sagêd matúr, wóng durúng - durúng Bapak kêsusu dukå," aturé Rústi. Saking ora kuwate Ndårå Púspå wêkasané ambrúk kantåkå dadi royongan. Dèn Ngantèn Púspå bisané mung jêlih - jelih.       ᩌᨾ  ᨾ      ᨾ       "Mulå tå mulå, Pak. Ampún kólót nêmên-nêmên. Saniki jamané pún owah. Dédé jaman Kómpêni malíh. Cobå yèn pún ngètên niki nåpå mbotên coꧢo," sambaté sêtêngah nutúh,*    ᩊ  /    /  Déníng: Pakné Puri / Panjêbar Sêmangat-01/2006 http://www.adjisaka.com/index.php/cerita-cekak-jawa/52-03-ndara-puspa

Aksara Brahmi 7 - 婆罗米文

Brahmic (Indic) family of scripts; 婆罗米系文字; 印度系文字 Zdanie sanskryckie zapisane różnymi alfabetami indyjskimi Indyjskie alfabety sylabiczne - rodzina systemów pisma, wywodzących się z brahmi (z wyjątkiem kharoszthi, które rozwijało się równolegle do brahmi i zaniknęło bez kontynuacji). W toku ewolucji brahmi wykształciły się dwie gałęzie alfabetów używanych w różnych epokach: gałąź północna, z której wywodzi się również pismo tybetańskie, oraz gałąź południowa z charakterystyczną okrągłą formą liter, która związana jest z użyciem liści palmowych do pisania. Proste linie lub ostre zmiany kierunku pisma groziły rozszczepieniem wzdłuż włókien liścia. Z gałęzi południowej wywodzą się również pisma używane w Azji Południowo-Wschodniej. Die Formenvielfalt der indischen Schriften wird besonders deutlich, wenn man ein und denselben Satz (hier einen Sanskrit-Satz) in verschiedenen Schriften wiedergibt http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indyjskie_alfabety_sylabiczne http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indischer_Schriftenkreis

Aksara Brahmi 6 - 婆罗米文

Brahmic (Indic) family of scripts; 婆罗米系文字; 印度系文字 Brāhmī The Brahmic script and its descendants Northern Brahmic Kusan Tocharian, ("Slanting Brahmi"), 7th century Meitei Mayek; Meetei Mayek script; Meithei Mayek, Manipuri script (Manipuri: Meetei Mayek) Gupta; Gupta Lipi (गुप्त लिपि), 5th century Śāradā; Sharada; Śāradā Lipi (शारदा लिपि), 8th century Landa Old Kashmiri Gurmukhī; गुरुमुखी, 16th century, Punjabi language, U+0A00–U+0A7F, ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ Khojki Khudawadi Takri Dogri Chameali Siddhaṃ; Siddhaṃātṛkā; Siddhaṃ (Sanskrit सिद्धं, "accomplished" or "perfected"), 7th century  Tibetan; तिब्बती, 8th century, Tibetan language, Dzongkha language, Ladakhi language, U+0F00–U+0FFF,  དབུ་ཅན་ ’Phagspa, 13th century Hangul (hypothetical) Lepcha; Róng script; लेप्चा, 18th century, Lepcha language , U+1C00–U+1C4F Limbu; लिंबु, 18th century, Limbu language, U+1900–U+194F,  ᤛᤡᤖᤡᤈᤨᤅ Nāgarī (नागरी), 8th century Devanāgarī (देवनागरी); 天城文, 13th century, Numerous Indo-Aryan languages, including Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Nepali, Bhili, Konkani, Angika, Bhojpuri, Magahi, Maithili, Kurukh, Nepal Bhasa and sometimes Sindhi and Kashmiri. Formerly used to write Gujarati. Sometimes used to write or transliterate Sherpa, U+0900–U+097F, देवनागरी Modi (मोडी) Nandināgarī Gujarati; गुजराती, 17th century, Gujarati language, Kutchi language, U+0A80–U+0AFF, ગુજરાતી લિપિ Anga Script; Anga Lipi (अंगलिपि), 6th century BCE, Angika, U+0900–U+097F, देवनागरी Proto-Bengali Kaithi (कैथी); Kayathi; Kayasthi, 16th century  Sylheti Nagari; Syloti Nagri (Silôṭi Nagôri) Eastern Nagari; Bāṅglā Lipi (बांग्ला लिपि), 11th century, Bengali language (Bengali script variant), Assamese language (Assamese script variant), U+0980–U+09FF, বাংলা লিপি  Assamese Bengali Tirhuta (Devanagari: तिरहुता tirhutā; Eastern Nagari: তিরহুতা); Mithilakshar (Devanagari script मिथिलाक्षर mithilākṣar; Eastern Nagari script: মিথিলাক্ষর), 15th century Nepal Bhujimol, 6th century Prachalit Nepal Ranjana; Kutila; Lantsa, 12th century Soyombo; Soyombo script (Mongolian Соёмбо бичиг, soyombo bichig), 17th century Southern Brahmic Tamil Brahmi Vatteluttu (Tamil: வட்டெழுத்து vaṭṭeḻuttu)  Kolezhuthu Tamil; तमिल; Tamil script (தமிழ் அரிச்சுவடி tamiḻ ariccuvaṭi "Tamil alphabet"), 8th century, Tamil language, U+0B80–U+0BFF,  தமிழ் அரிச்சுவடி Pallava Grantha; Grantha script (Tamil: கிரந்த ௭ழுத்து, Kiranta eḻuttu, Malayalam: ഗ്രന്ഥലിപി, Granthalipi, Sanskrit: ग्रन्थलिपि, Granthalipi), 6th century   Malayalam; मलयालम, 12th century, Malayalam language, Konkani language, U+0D00–U+0D7F,  മലയാളലിപി Tulu Sinhala; सिंहल, 12th century, Sinhala language, U+0D80–U+0DFF, ශුද්ධ සිංහල Dhives Akuru; Divehi Akuru Saurashtra; सौराष्ट्र, 20th century, Saurashtra language, mostly obsolete, U+A880–U+A8DF Khmer; ख्मेर; Khmer script (អក្សរខ្មែរ; âksâr khmêr), 11th century, Khmer language, U+1780–U+17FF, U+19E0–U+19FF; អក្សរខ្មែរ Lao; Aksone Lao (Lao: ອັກສອນລາວ, IPA: [ʔáksɔ̌ːn láːw]); लाओ, 14th century, Lao language, others, U+0E80–U+0EFF;  ອັກສອນລາວ Thai; थाई; Thai script (Thai: อักษรไทย, àksǒn thai), 13th century, Thai language, U+0E00–U+0E7F,  อักษรไทย Tai Viet; ताई विएत; Chữ Thái Việt; , Tai Dam language, U+AA80–U+AADF Cham; बर्मी, 8th century, Cham language, U+AA00–U+AA5F, ꨌꨠ http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/aa00/index.htm  http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/aa5f/index.htm Old Kawi, 8th century Balinese; बाली, 11th century, Balinese language, U+1B00–U+1B7F, ᬅᬓ᭄ᬱᬭ ᬩᬮᬶ Javanese; जावाई, 16th century, Javanese language, U+A980–U+A9DF ꦄꦏ꧀ꦱꦫ ꦗꦮ Baybayin; बायबायिन, 14th century, Tagalog, other Philippine languages, U+1700–U+171F, ᜊᜌ᜔ᜊᜌᜒᜈ᜔ Batak ,14th century Buhid; बुहिद, 14th century,  Buhid language, U+1740–U+175F, ᝊᝓᝑᝒᝇ Hanunó'o; हनुनोओ, 14th century, Hanuno'o language, U+1720–U+173F, ᜱᜨᜳᜨᜳᜢ Tagbanwa; तग्बन्वा, 14th century, various languages of Palawan, nearly extinct, U+1760–U+177F,  ᝦᝪᝨᝯ Sundanese; सुंदनी लिपि, 14th century, Sundanese language, U+1B80–U+1BBF, ᮃᮊ᮪ᮞᮛ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ Lontara; लोंतरा, 17th century,  Buginese language, others; mostly extinct, restricted to ceremonial use, U+1A00–U+1A1F,  ᨒᨚᨈᨑ Rejang; रेजंग लिपि, 18th century, Rejang language, mostly obsolete, U+A930–U+A95F Mon; Mon language (Mon: ဘာသာ မန်; Burmese: မွန်ဘာသာ) Burmese; बर्मी; Burmese script (Burmese: မြန်မာအက္ခရာ; MLCTS: mranma akkha.ra; IPA: [mjəmà ʔɛʔkʰəjà]), 11th century, Burmese language, numerous modifications for other languages including Chakma, Eastern and Western Pwo Karen, Geba Karen, Kayah, Mon, Rumai Palaung, S'gaw Karen, Shan, U+1000–U+109F, မြန်မာအက္ခရာ Ojhopath Kalinga Oriya; उड़िया; Odia (ଓଡ଼ିଆ oṛiā), 11th century, Oriya language, U+0B00–U+0B7F, ଉତ୍କଳାକ୍ଷର Bhattiprolu Script Proto Kannada; Halegannada (Kannada: ಹಳೆಗನ್ನಡ), 3rd century BCE Kadamba; Pre-Old-Kannada, 5th century Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ ಲಿಪಿ); कन्नड़, 12th century, Kannada language, others, U+0C80–U+0CFF, ಕನ್ನಡ ಅಕ್ಷರಮಾಲೆ Telugu; तेलुगु, 13th century, Telugu language, U+0C01–U+0C6F, తెలుగు లిపి Tai Tham (Lanna); Tai Tham script (Northern Thai: ᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦ, Dai Tam; Tai Lü: ᦒᧄ, Tam, "scripture"); Lanna script, 14th century Tai Le; ताई ले; Tai Nüa script, Tai Lü language, U+1950–U+197F, ᥖᥭᥰᥖᥬᥳᥑᥨᥒᥰ New Tai Lue; नई ताई लुए, 1950s, Tai Lü language, U+1980-U+19DF,  ᦟᦲᧅ ᦷᦎ ᦺᦑ Ahom, 13th century http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmic_family_of_scripts

Brahmic (Indic) family of scripts; 婆罗米系文字; 印度系文字 A „Ka” írásjel fejlődése különböző bráhmi alapú írásokban. The "Ka" Brahmi letters are based on the development of various regulations. 婆羅米系文字演化示例。

Aksara Brahmi 5 - 婆罗米文

Brāhmī Alphabet The Brāhmī alphabet is the ancestor of most of the 40 or so modern Indian alphabets, and of a number of other alphabets, such as Khmer and Tibetan. It is thought to have been modelled on the Aramaic or Phoenician alphabets, and appeared in India sometime before 500 BC. Another theory is that Brāhmī developed from the Indus or Harappa script, which was used in the Indus valley until about 2,000 BC. The earliest known inscriptions in the Brāhmī alphabet are those of King Asoka (c.270-232 BC), third monarch of the Mauryan dynasty. Brāhmī was used to write a variety of languages, including Sanskrit and Prakrit. Notable features Type of writing system: abugida - each letter represents a consonant with an inherent vowel. Other vowels were indicated using a variety of diacritics and separate letters. Letters are grouped according to the way they are pronounced. Many letters have more than one form. Direction of writing: left to right in horizontal lines Consonants Vowels and vowel diacritics Sample text Asokan Edict - Delhi Inscription Transliteration devānaṁpiye piyadasi lājā hevaṁ āhā ye atikaṁtaṁ aṁtalaṁ lājāne husa hevaṁ ichisu kathaṁ jane dhaṁmavaḍhiyā vāḍheya nocujane anulupāyā dhaṁmavaḍhiyā vaḍhithā etaṁ devānaṁpiye piyadasi lājā hevaṁ āhā esame huthā atākaṁtaṁ ca aṁtalaṁ hevaṁ ichisu lājāne katha jane Translation Thus spoke king Devanampiya Piyadasi: "Kings of the olden time have gone to heaven under these very desires. How then among mankind may religion (or growth in grace) be increased? Yea, through the conversion of the humbly-born shall religion increase" Source: http://www.virtualvinodh.com/brahmi-lipitva/144-asokan-edict-delhi Some modern descendants of Brāhmī Bengali, Devanāgarī, Gujarāti, Gurmukhi, Kannada, Khmer, Malayalam, Oriya, Sinhala, Tamil, Telugu, Tibetan Links Information about Brāhmī http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script http://www.virtualvinodh.com/brahmi-lipitva http://www.ancientscripts.com/brahmi.html http://www.nibbanam.com/Brahmi/brahmi.htm Free Brāhmī fonts http://sites.google.com/site/brahmiscript/ http://www.fedora.redhat.com/wiki/Brahmi_fonts The Edicts of King Asoka http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/ashoka.html ALPHABETUM - a Unicode font specifically designed for ancient scripts, including classical & medieval Latin, ancient Greek, Etruscan, Oscan, Umbrian, Faliscan, Messapic, Picene, Iberian, Celtiberian, Gothic, Runic, Old & Middle English, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Old Nordic, Ogham, Kharosthi, Glagolitic, Old Cyrillic, Phoenician, Avestan, Ugaritic, Linear B, Anatolian scripts, Coptic, Cypriot, Brahmi, Old Persian cuneiform: http://guindo.pntic.mec.es/~jmag0042/alphabet.html Writing system used to write Sanskrit Brāhmi, Devanāgari, Grantha, Kharoṣṭhi, Śāradā, Siddham, Thai, Tibetan Syllabic alphabets / abugidas Ahom, Balinese, Batak, Bengali, Brahmi, Buhid, Burmese, Chakma, Cham, Dehong Dai, Devanagari, Dhives Akuru, Ethiopic, Evēla Akuru, Gondi, Grantha, Gujarati, Gupta, Gurmukhi (Punjabi), Hanuno'o, Hmong, Javanese, Kannada, Kharosthi, Khmer, Lanna, Lao, Lepcha, Limbu, Lontara/Makasar, Malayalam, Manpuri, Modi, New Tai Lue, Oriya, Pallava, Phags-pa, Ranjana, Redjang, Shan, Sharda, Siddham, Sindhi, Sinhala, Sorang Sompeng, Sourashtra, Soyombo, Sundanese, Syloti Nagri, Tagalog, Tagbanwa, Takri, Tamil, Telugu, Thai, Tibetan, Tocharian, Varang Kshiti http://www.omniglot.com/writing/brahmi.htm

Aksara Brahmi 4 - 婆罗米文

Brahmi Quick Facts Type Syllabic Alphabetic Genealogy Brahmi Location South Asia Time 5th century BCE to 4th century CE Direction Variable (Horizontal) The Brahmi script is one of the most important writing systems in the world by virtue of its time depth and influence. It represents the earliest post-Indus corpus of texts, and some of the earliest historical inscriptions found in India. Most importantly, it is the ancestor to hundreds of scripts found in South, Southeast, and East Asia. This elegant script appeared in India most certainly by the 5th century BCE, but the fact that it had many local variants even in the early texts suggests that its origin lies further back in time. There are several theories on to the origin of the Brahmi script. The first theory is that Brahmi has a West Semitic origin. For instance, the symbol for a resembles Semitic letter 'alif. Similarly, dha, tha, la, and ra all appear quite close to their Semitic counterparts. Another theory, from a slightly different school of thought, proposes a Southern Semitic origin. Finally, the third theory holds that the Brahmi script came from Indus Script. However, at least in my personal opinion, the lack of any textual evidence between the end of the Harappan period at around 1900 BC and the first Brahmi and Kharoshthi inscriptions at roughly 500 BC makes the Indus origin of Brahmi highly unlikely. Yet on the other hand, the way Brahmi, and its relative Kharosthi, works is quite different from Semitic scripts, and may point to either a stimulus-diffusion or even indigenous origin. The situation is complex and confusing, and more research should be conducted to either prove or disprove any of the theories. Brahmi is a "syllabic alphabet", meaning that each sign can be either a simple consonant or a syllable with the consonant and the inherent vowel /a/. Other syllabic alphabets outside of South Asia include Old Persian and Meroïtic. However, unlike these two system, Brahmi (and all subsequent Brahmi-derived scripts) indicates the same consonant with a different vowel by drawing extra strokes, called matras, attached to the character. Ligatures are used to indicate consonant clusters. The following chart is the basic Brahmi script. There are many variations to the basic letter form, but I have simplified it here so that the most canonical shape is presented. And an example of strokes added to indicate different vowels following the consonants /k/ and /l/. The Brahmi script was the ancestor of all South Asian Writing Systems. In addition, many East and Southeast Asian scripts, such as Burmese, Thai, Tibetan, and even Japanese to a very small extent (vowel order), were also ultimately derived from the Brahmi script. Thus the Brahmi script was the Indian equivalent of the Greek script that gave arise to a host of different systems. You can take a look at the evolution of Indian scripts, or the evolution of Southeast Asian scripts. Both of these pages are located at the very impressive site Languages and Scripts of India. You can also take a look at Asoka's edict at Girnar, inscribed in the Brahmi script. Related Links Languages and Scripts of India. Eden"s Page: Scripts of all of Asia. http://www.ancientscripts.com/brahmi.html